How Usury Came to Rule the World

How Usury Came to Rule the World :New,
'The Ascendancy of Usury over
Judaeo-Christian and Muslim Commerce
'
[A5+] Paperback - 348 pages
by Ammar Abdulhamid Fairdous,
Edited by Uthman Ibrahim Morrison,
Publ. by Diwan Publications.







Description

How Usury Came to Rule the World : 'The Ascendancy of Usury over Judaeo-Christian and Muslim Commerce.' - The practice of lending money for profit, any profit, minimal as it may be, was considered to be a deadly sin in Abrahamic religions.


This thoroughly annotated, well evidenced and orderly book began life as a PhD thesis. Highly readable, it comes as a welcome resource in response to the rapidly expanded appetite for understanding, since the international banking meltdown of 2008, amongst lay readers and specialists alike, regarding all matters relating to the historical roots of modern financial techniques and the question of probity within the banking system.


There can be no doubt that the scriptural teachings of Judaism, Christianity and Islam are replete with passages that either explicitly prohibit usury, or which contain unmistakeable evidence that the practice was deeply scorned and unequivocally condemned. What is most fascinating to discover, however, is the logic of the process by which these morally strict anti-usury deterrents transmuted over time to accommodate the more permissive financial practices we see today.


The author identifies three principal approaches by which commercial considerations were able to prevail at various points throughout their respective histories, over the scriptural defences against usury so clearly promulgated within the principal Abrahamic religions. The first method was by reinterpreting the concept of usury itself. The second was by exemption, i.e. by excluding the counter-party from the scope of scriptural prohibition. The third method was by the concealment of usury under cover of classical commercial contracts. Intriguingly, none of these methods were exclusive to any one religion, although, for theological reasons, some methods may have been more amenable to the followers of one religion than to the others.


At a time when the noise of religious conflict and the clash of civilisations threatens to become deafening, it is also notable that this book, albeit from a rather surprising angle, manages to pay more than mere lip service to the shared historical commonalities between the moral concerns of Judaism, Christianity and Islam as opposed to their differences.




Ammar Abdulhamid Fairdous

Ammar Fairdous undertook various professional qualifications in Business and Management, including Islamic Finance while in the UK. He holds a Master’s degree in International Commercial and Business Law from the University of East Anglia UK (UEA) and a Bachelor’s degree in Islamic Law from Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia. He completed a doctorate in International Commercial and Business Law at UEA with the thesis entitled, ‘Evading the Taint of Usury: A Comparative Study of the Development of Lending and Credit Law within the Abrahamic Religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), which is in essence this book. He has acted in a voluntary capacity as an Imam Khateeb at the reputable Ihsan Mosque in Norwich city centre.






Table of Contents

---Usury – A Synopsis,
---Acknowledgements,
---Notes.

---Introduction.

---[1]. Usury in Pre-Abrahamic Civilisations, 
------Usury in Mesopotamia,
------Usury in Hinduism and Buddhism,
------Usury in Ancient Greece,
------Usury in Ancient Rome.

---[2]. Usury in Abrahamic Religions, 
------Usury in Judaism,
------Jews and Usury,
------The Jewish Law – Halakha,
------The Concept of Usury in Judaism,
---------Usury: Definition and Interpretation,
---------Usury in the Old Testament Sources,
---------Usury in the Rabbinical Source.

---[3]. Usury in Christianity,
------The Devil’s Work,
------The New Testament Sources,
---------Cleansing of the Temple,
---------The Parable of the Talents,
---------Love Your Enemies,
------The Fathers of the Church,
------Early Ecclesiastical Legislation,
------Introduction to the Medieval Period,
------The Scholastic Interpretation,
--------Extrinsic Titles,
------The Five Per Cent Contract and the Jesuits,
------The Reformers’ Approach,
---------Calvinism – a Counter theory,
------The Church of England,
------Trade is One Thing, Religion is Another.

---[4].Usury in Islam,
------Riba: Interest, Usury or Both,
------Islamic law – The Shari‘a,
---------Summary of Hadith Classification Table 1,
------Riba in Islamic Law,
---------Riba in the Qur’an,
------------The Text and Context,
------------Riba al-Jahiliyyah,
---------Riba in the Sunnah,
---------Riba in the Fiqh literature,
---------Dissenting Views,
-----Reasons for the Prohibition of Riba,

---[5]. Evading the Taint of Usury, 
------Reinterpreting the Concept of Usury,
------Exclusion of the ‘Other’ 
---------Treatment of Gentiles in Rabbinical Tradition,
---------St. Ambrose’s Justification of Usury as a Weapon,
---------The Hanafi Doctrine of the Abode of War,
------The Concealment,
---------‘Avaq Ribbit,
---------The Position of the Early Poskim,
---------Relaxing the Biblical Injunctions,
---------The Heter Iska,
------Fraudem Usurarum,
---------The Medieval Campaign Against Usury,
---------Contracts in Fraudem Usurarum,
------------The Mortgage,
------------Conditional Sale,
------------Double Contracts,
------------Legal Fictions,
------------Loans,
------------Triple Contract,
------------Silent Partnership Agreement,
------------Depositum Confessatum,
------------Legal Exceptions,
------Bay‘ al-‘inah,
---------The Dual ‘Inah Contract,
---------The Tripartite ‘Inah Contract (al-Tawarruq),
---------The Maliki Form of ‘Inah Contract (Murabahah).

---Conclusion,
---Bibliography,
---Notes. 
 



 



Dimensions : 23.5 x 15.5cm.






 

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